Philosophical Foundation of Causality in Education and Their Implications for National Unity in Africa
DR. TIMOTHY KAYODE TOWOJU
Abstract: The paper addresses a critical examination of how causal interrelationship could inform strategies for addressing challenges like ethnic division or economic disparity, to have a unique conceptual framework that can influence approaches to international unity in Africa. There is a limited philosophical clarification of causality and hot its can serve the purpose of nationality in African. The relevant questions here may be: are there any links, positive or negative, between education, causality, and national unity? Can a shared understanding of causality foster cooperation across diverse African nations? How might the philosophical explanation inform practical steps towards unity? It is our opinion that education should deliberately harness the power of causality and be programmed to promote the principle of positive self-actualization, which is an antidote to unity in a community of human beings. The philosophical underpinnings of causality provide insight into how education can be used to shape and cement human society for progressive living and unity. This study employs a philosophical approach, clarifying causality to understand its impact on national unity. The findings have significant implications for understanding the complex relationships and dynamic nature of human society.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF REMUNERATION ON HEALTH WORKER RETENTION FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE IN KISUMU CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Synthia Amondi Agwenge, Prof George G. Wagah
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between remuneration and health care workers retention. Remuneration was identified as a significant determinant of health worker retention in Kisumu Central Sub-County. The study found that remuneration-related factors, particularly salary delays, had a strong negative effect on retention, emerging as the most influential predictor among the working-condition domains examined. Binary logistic regression results showed that salary delays significantly reduced the likelihood of health workers remaining in public service (OR = 0.29, p < 0.001). The findings indicate that inadequate and untimely remuneration contributes substantially to workforce instability. The study concludes that remuneration challenges are a key structural driver of health worker turnover and recommends county-level interventions aimed at ensuring timely salary payments and improving remuneration practices to enhance retention of health workers and support the achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
Healthcare Utilization and Access Barriers among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Subham Prasad Sahoo, Manashree Manamukta Naik, Prasanna Kumar Patra
Abstract: Background
Although the Government has tried to solve the problem of health disparity, some of the tribes in India are extremely marginalized and there are some tribesmen who are under the status of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) who are facing a tremendous health disparity. Socioeconomic and cultural barriers, inadequate infrastructure and geographical isolation are often the reasons why they do not have access to the most basic health care systems. There were a number of studies on the health condition of tribals in India and those pertaining to PVTGs' utilization of healthcare services were available but these studies were fragmented and region specific/community specific.
Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis were done with an overall objective to: Synthesis available evidence regarding healthcare utilization pattern and barrier to healthcare access amongst PVTGs in India and Identify the important determinants of healthcare seeking behaviors.
Methods
A systematic search of the studies was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, ASSIA, google scholar, Shodhganga and other related government reports from the years 2016-2026. The research was carried out according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261420500). Qualitative, mixed-methods, cohort, and case-control studies of PVTGs were considered to be eligible. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to rate the quality of the studies. For quantitative data, random effects meta-analysis was used for synthesizing the meta-analysis.
Results
The articles included in the review consisted of 110 studies with 78,542 people (of which 84 were included in the meta-analysis). The pooled prevalence of overall healthcare utilization is 52.8% (95% CI: 48.2 to 57.4%). Maternal healthcare utilization was estimated at 51.2% (95% CI: 45.8-56.7%), institutional delivery coverage at 47.8% (95% CI: 41.9-53.7%), and child immunizati
Preoperative Optimization and Surgical Scheduling in ASA I–II Patients: A Contemporary Perioperative Framework for Safety and Operating Room Efficiency
Samer Al Tahiri, Abdullah Almalky, Talal Jamahi, Yahya Ali
Abstract: Preoperative evaluation and surgical scheduling are critical determinants of perioperative safety, efficiency, and healthcare resource utilization. Although patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I–II are traditionally regarded as low-risk surgical candidates, contemporary perioperative medicine emphasizes proactive optimization rather than minimal assessment. This review presents a comprehensive framework integrating functional assessment, risk stratification, selective investigations, medication management, fasting protocols, anesthetic planning, enhanced recovery principles, and evidence-based operating room scheduling. Emerging innovations including telemedicine-based preoperative clinics and artificial intelligence-assisted scheduling systems are also discussed. The proposed framework aims to improve perioperative outcomes while maximizing operating room performance and patient-centered care.
Proximate and Ultimate Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge Blends: Implications for Thermal Conversion and Energy Recovery
Efetobor, J. Ufuoma; Sinebe, Jude and Sada, S.O.
Abstract: This study evaluates the fuel quality and thermochemical suitability of sewage sludge (SS), municipal solid waste (MSW), and selected SS–MSW blend ratios for co-pyrolysis applications. Proximate and ultimate analyses were used to assess the compositional behavior of the feedstocks, with particular attention to fixed carbon, volatile matter, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, moisture, elemental ratios, and higher heating value (HHV). The results show that MSW possesses superior fuel characteristics relative to SS, with higher volatile matter(83.70%), higher fixed carbon(7.50%), lower ash(0.45%), lower nitrogen(0.64%), and higher HHV(18.91KJ/Kg). In contrast, sewage sludge is characterized by very high ash content(42%) and elevated nitrogen(2.71%), indicating a mineral-rich and heteroatom-laden feedstock with lower thermal efficiency and greater environmental control requirements.The blended feedstocks exhibited a strong non-linear response to increasing SS fraction. Ash content increased sharply with sludge addition, while HHV declined progressively, confirming that even moderate sludge incorporation substantially alters the thermal behavior of the mixture. The observed trends suggest that SS dominates the inorganic residue profile and depresses the energy density of the blend, whereas MSW contributes more favorable volatile and combustible fractions. These findings indicate that co-pyrolysis performance is highly composition-dependent and that feedstock selection must balance energy recovery potential against ash-related operational constraints.
